This is a fax that was OCR recognized, of the table of contents of "Child Support: The Next Generation." I did not have time to clean it up, but wanted to share the information. The publication should be available to the public on August 9, 1994 from OCSE.Stuart A. Miller - Senior Legislative Analyst American Fathers Coalition 2000 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W., Ste. 148 Washington, D.C. 20006 ============================================================================ TABLE OF CONTENTS (Child Support: The Next Generation) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1 AN OVERVIEW OF CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES IN THE UNITED STATES by Robert G. Williams I.INTRODUCTION II.FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS A.Basic Requirement B.Specific Requirements III.STATE IMPLEMENTATION OF GUIDELINES A.Basic Models for Child Support Guidlines B.Implementation Trends C.Implementation Authority IV.EVIDENCE CONCERNING THE IMPACT OF GUIDELINES A.Acceptance and Usage B.Level and Consistency of Orders V.FOURWEAR REVIEW OF GUIDELINES A.Content of Review B.Process VI.ISSUES IN THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF GUIDELINES A.Research on Child Rearing Expenditures B.Visitation and Shared Physical Custody C.Additional Dependents 13 D.Other Issues 13 E.A National Guideline 14 VII.CONCLUSIONS 15 VIII.ENDNOTES 16 CHAPTER 2. ECONOMIC STUDIES OF EXPENDITURES ON CHILDREN AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES by Burt S. Barnow I.INTRODUCTION 18 II.PROCEDURES FOR ESTTMATING EXPENDITURES ON CHILDREN 19 A. Problems in Estimating Expenditures on Children 19 B. The General Approach Used to Estimate Expenditures on Children C. Specific Estimation Techniques III.ESTIMATES OF EXNPENDITURES ON CHILDREN IV.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXPENDITURE ON CHILDREN AND CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES V.CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 25 VI.REFERENCES 26 ENDNOTES 27 CHAPTER 3 DETERMINATION OF INCOME UNDER GUIDELINES by Lynne Gold-Bikin and Linda Ann Hammond I.INTRODUCTION 29 II.REVIEW OF STATE GUIDELINES 29 III.DEFINITION OF INCOME 29 A.Earned Income 30 B.Investment Income 31 C.Nonincome Producing Assets 31 D.Benefit Payments 31 E.Cash Flow and 'In-kind' Payments 31 F.Business Earnings 32 IV.NET VERSUS GROSS INCOME 32 A.States that Use GrossIncome 32 B.States that Use Net Income 32 C.Strengths and Limitations of Two Approaches 33 D.Considerations for Policymakers 33 V.IMPUTED INCOME 33 VI.CONSIDERATION OF NEW SPOUSE INCOME 34 VII.DOCUMENTATION OF INCOME 35 VIII.CONCLUSION 33 ENDNOTES 35 CHAPTER 4 ADDRESSING SUBSEQUENT FAMILIES IN CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES by Marianne Takas I.THE USE OF AN ESSENTIAL HOUSEHOLD NEEDS RESERVE 37 II.USING AN ESSENTIAL HOUSEHOLD NEEDS RESERVE WITH VARIOUS GUIDELINE 38 MODELS A.The Melson Formula 38 B.Income Shares Formula 39 C.Percent of Income Model 39 III.POSSIBLE CRITICISMS OF THE ESSENTIAL HOUSEHOLD NEEDS RESERVE 39 IV.COMPARISON WITH ANOTHER COMMON METHOD 40 V.CONCLUSlON 41 ENDNOTES 41 CHAPTER 5 CHILD SUPPORT VISITATION. SHARED CUSTODY AND SPLIT CUSTODY 43 by Karen Czapanskiy I.INTRODUCTION 43 II.CHILD SUPPORT AND VISITATION 44 A.The Visitation Assumption 44 B.Expenses of Visitation 44 C.Drawing the Line between Child Support and Shared Physical Custody 44 III.SHARED PHYSICAL CUSTODY 45 A.Instituting a Shared Physical Custody Adjustment 45 B.Calculating a Shared Physical Custody Adjustment 45 IV.SPLIT CUSTODY 48 V.CONCLUSION 48 ENDNOTES 49 CHAPTER 6 STATE CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN'S HEALTH 51 CARE NEEDS by Susan A. Notar and Nicole C. Schmidt I.INTRODUCTION 51 II.THE PROBLEM 51 III.OBSTACLES TO COVERAGE 51 A.ERISA 52 B.Disctiminatory Health Care Practices 52 IV.FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS 52 V.ORDINARY" v. "EXTRAORDINARY" MEDICAL EXPENSES 53 VI.GUIDELINE FORMULAS 53 A.The Income Shares Model 53 B.Percentage of Income 54 C.Melson Formula 54 VII.STATE-SPECIFIC GUIDELINE PROVISIONS ADDRESSING HEALTH CARE 54 A.Guideline Calculations 54 B.Wage Withholding for Health Care Premiums 55 C.Consumer Credit Protection Act 56 VIII.PROPOSALS AND TRENDS 56 A.Report of the United States Commission on Interstate Child Support 56 B.The Downey/Hyde Proposal 56 C.Pending Fedetal Legislation 57 D.Health Care and Welfare Reform or, In Search of the Minotaur 58 IX.SUGGESTIONS FOR STATE IMPROVEMENT 58 X.CONCLUSION 58 APPENDIX 59 ENDNOTES 60 CHAPTER 7 ADDING TO THE BASIC SUPPORT OBLIGATION 62 by Linda Henry Efrod I.INTRODUCTION 62 II.MEDICAL EXPENSES 62 A.Health Insurance 62 B.Uninsured Medical Expenses 63 C.Extraordinary Medical Expenses 64 III.CHILD CARE EXPENSES 64 A.Reasons for Child Care 65 B.Reasonable Amount 65 C.Deduction for Child Care Tax Credit 65 IV.EDUCATIONAL EXPENSES 66 A.Public Education-Additional Expenses 66 B.Private Schooling 66 C.Special Education 67 D.College Educationt 67 V.CONCLUSION 68 ENDNOTES 69 CHAPTER 8 GUlDELINES AND PERlODIC REVIEW AND ADJUSTMENT 72 by Marilyn Ray Smith I.MODIFICATIONS AND THE OBJECTIVES OF GUIDELINES 73 II.TRADITIONAL GROUNDS FOR MODIFICATION 73 A.The Moditication Standard 74 B.The Modification Process 74 III.REVIEW AND ADJUSTMENT; THE FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS 75 A.The Federal Regulations 76 B.Guidelines and Modification Standard 77 C.Quantitative Standard for Modification 77 D.Non-IV'D Cases, Modifications and Guidelines 79 IV.MODIFICATIONS AND SEPARATION AGREEMENTS 80 V.CONCLUSION 83 ENDNOTES 83 CHAPTER 9 DEVIATION FROM STATE CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES 85 by David Arnaudo I.INTRODUCTION 85 II.A STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 85 III.FEDERAL GUIDELINE REQUIREMENTS 85 IV.FEDERAL POLICY ON DEVIATIONS FROM CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES 86 V.STATE CRITERIA FOR DEVIATIONS FROM GUIDELINES 86 VI.STUDY METHODOLOGY 86 VII.STATE FINDINGS 88 A.Studies on Cases processed Ater the Federal Regulations on 88 Guidelines May 15, 1991) B.Studies on Cases processed Before the Federal Regulations on 90 Guidelines (May 15,1991) VIII.STUDIES UNDERWAY OR PLANNED 94 IX.SUGGESTIONS FOR CASE STUDIES OF DEVIATIONS 94 CHAPTER 10 CHILDREN'S STANDARD OF LIVING UNDER CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES: 95 WOMEN'S LEGAL DEFENSE FUND REPORT CARD by 0. Diane Dodson I.BACKGROUND 95 II.HOW STATES ESTABLISHED GUIDELINES 96 A.Income Shares Model-Used by 27 States in 1989/1990 96 B.Wisconsin ModelUsed by Five States in 1989/1990 96 C.Delaware Model-Used by Three States in 1989/1990 96 D.Massachusetts/D.C. Model-Used by Those Two Jurisdictions in 97 1989/1990 E.Other States-14 States Had Unique Guidelines in 1989/1990 97 III.METHODOLOGY OF THE WOMEN'S LEGAL DEFENSE FUND STUDY 97 IV.STATE GUIDELINE PERFORMANCE 98 V.STUDY FINDINGS: IMPACT OF 1989/1990 STATE CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES 98 VI.WHY THE GUIDELINES FELL SHORT 99 VII.RECOMMENDATIONS 100 ENDNOTES 101 TABLE I 103 CHAPTER 11 MODEL CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINE 104 by David P Bieniewicz I.IMPROVING THE DESIGN OF CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES 104 II.MODEL CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINE 105 III.ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES 113 CITATIONS FOR STATE CHILD SUPPORT GUIDELINES 126